EV Battery Knowledge

Battery Knowledge website:

 * https://batteryuniversity.com

lithium-iron–phosphate (LFP)

 * a type of lithium-ion battery using  LiFePO4 as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode.
 * The energy density of LiFePO
 * 4 is lower than that of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) chemistry, and also has a lower operating voltage. The main drawback of LiFePO4 is its low electrical conductivity. Therefore, all the LiFePO4 cathodes under consideration are actually LiFePO4/C.[4] Because of low cost, low toxicity, well-defined performance, long-term stability, etc.
 * Sep 30, 2020 Tesla Model 3 sedans currently made at the automaker's plant in China use nickel-manganese-cobalt — or NMC — batteries. But Tesla will soon make some cars with cheaper, cobalt-free batteries. Two unnamed sources told Reuters that Tesla will start making some Model 3s in China with lithium-iron phosphate — or LFP — batteries that contain no cobalt. The move will be officially announced as early as Thursday, the sources said.
 * nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM)
 * NMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-bikes and other electric powertrains. The cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt, also known as 1-1-1. This offers a unique blend that also lowers the raw material cost due to reduced cobalt content. Another successful combination is NCM with 5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt and 2 parts manganese (5-3-2). Other combinations using various amounts of cathode materials are possible.
 * Battery manufacturers move away from cobalt systems toward nickel cathodes because of the high cost of cobalt. Nickel-based systems have higher energy density, lower cost, and longer cycle life than the cobalt-based cells but they have a slightly lower voltage.

EV Battery News:

 * Auto-battery relationships truly the blueprint for the industry’s future now:
 * Tesla - Panasonic
 * Toyota - Panasonic; CATL(in China)
 * GM - LG Chem
 * VW - Northvolt
 * VW - Guoxuan
 * PSA - SAFT
 * Daimler - Farasis